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技术 2022年11月18日
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  1.nullprt与NULL

代码:

void f(int i) {    cout << "f(int)" << endl;}void f(char* c) {    cout << "f(char*)" << endl;}int main () {    f();    f('\0');    // f(NULL); 在我的GCC中编译不过,因为NULL被认为是(void*)0,二义性    // f((void*)0); 二义性    f(nullptr);    ;}

结果:

<img 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" 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因为NULL容易出问题,因此出现了nullptr。nullptr是有类型的,并且可以被隐式转化为指针类型。

额外:NULL,0,’\0′ 的区别

NULL在 “stdio.h” 中的定义如下:

#ifndef __cplusplus#define NULL ((void *)0)#else   /* C++ */#define NULL 0#endif  /* C++ */

说明NULL在C中是(void*)0,而在C++中是0.

注意:0对于指针来说是一个特别对待的值,”当常量0处于应该作为指针使用的上下文中时,它就作为空指针使用“

如下程序所示;

int main () {    void* p;    p = 0;    //p = 1; 这里报错了,虽然与0都是int类型    cout << p << endl;    return 0;}

而’\0’是所有位都是0的字节,在ASCII码表中所示如下:

<img src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt="" />表明'\0'的二进制值是0000 0000

有趣的情况:C的字符串是用’\0’结尾的,而有的系统(比如Ubuntu14.04)用NULL也能结束(不过这在其他系统不一定能行得通):

int main () {    char str[3];    str[0] = 'a';    str[1] = 'b';    cout << str << endl;    str[2] = '\0';    cout << str << endl;    str[2] = 0;    cout << str << endl;    return 0;}

结果:<img src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt="" />

这三个都是表现出0,但是你的0不是我的0,如下代码:

int main () {    cout << "\\0的大小:  " << sizeof('\0') << endl;    cout << "0的大小:   " << sizeof(0) << endl;    cout << "NULL的大小:" << sizeof(NULL) << endl;    return 0;}

结果:<img src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt="" />

总:这三者都是零,但是NULL是16进制的0(对于C来说这是(void*)0,是指针),0是10进制的0,’\0’是8进制的0

PS:上面NULL可以替代’\0’的情况可以理解为,在二进制中,NULL是16个0而’\0’是8个0,NULL可以截断最后8位成为’\0’。


  2.nullptr是关键字


  3.nullptr的类型是nullptr_t

使用nullptr_t需要包含<cstddef>,其定义为typedef decltype(nullptr) nullptr_t;

使用nullptr_t可以定义多个指针空值,而不仅仅是nullptr一个(虽然nullptr已经够用了)

int main () {    nullptr_t myNull;    f(myNull);    ;}

规则:

  • nullptr_t类型数据可以隐式转换成任意一个指针类型。
  • nullptr_t类型数据不能转换为非指针类型,即使reinterpret_cast
  • nullptr_t类型数据不适用于算术运算表达式。
  • nullptr_t类型数据适用于关系算术表达式,但仅能与nullptr_t和指针类型比较。

  

  4.nullptr与模板

模板只把nullptr作为一个普通的类型进行推导(并不会视为T* 指针)

template<typename T> void g(T* t) { cout << sizeof(T) << endl;}template<typename T> void h(T t) { cout << sizeof(T) << endl;}int main () {    // g(nullptr); 类型是nullptr_t而不是指针    g(();    g((int*)nullptr);    h();    h(nullptr);    h((int*)nullptr);    ;}

<img 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ZtX0T2P/rEf38tQgDRsmmQGRp7GuGnX3/m9uz+zutlNEGqo6+ie7+3c+oe/ipOMD2+PDBgZwL0MRk6wxewM4KSt2SOE+IwMoGqNnGCL2RlA1Zo9QojPyACq1sgJtpidAVSt2SOE+IwMoGqNnGCL2RlA1Zo9QojPyMCIanEvg5EdbDEnA8Oqxb0M5owPoirEAO5lKMQKtpmbgeFci3sZzB0nRDeaAdzLgHqwHgO5pzHcy2C94NkWMe5lsG3oLex4NtfiXgYLx9B+0HEvg/1ibn2PcS+D9WNoPw9wL4P9Ym59j3EdgvVjaD8PULX2i7n1PUbVWj+G9vMAVWu/mFvfY1St9WNoPw9QtfaLufU9RtVaP4b28+D/AXQoUYQr+trOAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" alt="" />


  5.规定sizeof(nullptr_t) == sizeof(void*)

nullptr是一个编译时期的常量,是编译时期的关键字,能被编译器识别。(void*)0需要经过类型转换才能变成其他指针类型。


  6.nullprt地址

  • 可以打印nullptr_t对象的地址
  • 不能直接打印nullptr的地址
  • 可以打印nullptr的右值引用的地址

代码:

int main () {    nullptr_t my_null;    cout << &my_null << endl; //可以打印nullptr_t的地址    // cout << nullptr << endl; 错误    const nullptr_t &nullptr_r = nullptr; //可以打印nullptr的右值引用地址    cout << &nullptr_r << endl;    ;}

参考书籍:《深入理解C++11》

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